Important Dates in American History
It is believed that pupils may become interested m the study of American history by presenting for their study and investigation its important events on the anniversaries of their occurrence. Experienced teachers recognize the value of having at hand a few dates around which may be grouped a number of facts with sufficient accuracy to preserve that sequence of events so necessary to the study of history. What dates should be remembered is not particularly essential, and each pupil may largely be allowed to choose those which interest him personally or are in some way connected with his individual experiences.
The following arrangement of dates has been compiled for use in morning exercises in schools, in the belief that if used intelligently such exercises will materially aid the avowed purpose of this volume in stimulating—an intelligent patriotism, through a knowledge of events that ha,·e been influential in shaping the development of our country to its present marvelous greatness and have added to its acknowledged prestige.
The references have, so far as possible, been chosen from works easily accessible, but they may always be supplemented to advantage by the alert and enterprising teacher. Either a class or a particular pupil chosen for the work should carefully study the history relating to the event which is the subject of a morning exercise, preparatory to its presentation, and should, under the direction of the teacher, provide short recitations or quotations supplementary to those given in connection with the several dates. Abundant material may be obtained from the excell nt selections given in this volume.
It is suggested that pupils whose birthdays are the same as the anniversary of an event which is the subject of a morning exercise should be chosen to take part therein. It is also suggested that morning exercises should be limited to fifteen minutes.
In the arrangement, September has been placed first in order to correspond substantially with the opening of the schools of our State. As the dates in any given list must differ materially in importance, those of greater moment in the list presented have been printed in black-face type in order that they may be readily distinguished from others of minor importance but still of interest locally or in connection with other school work.
Believing that the faithful and efficient teaching force of the State will find much that is helpful in the material submitted, I unhesitatingly commit to their care the great interests which this particular work, as well as this entire volume, is intended to promote.
September 1, 1675 — Attack on Hadley
The Indians under Philip attacked Hadley. Most of the garrison were absent. Moreover it was a feast day, and the people were in the meeting-house when the alarm was given. The colonists were almost driven back when Goffe, the regicide, suddenly appeared, led the troops, repulsed the Indians, and as suddenly disappeared.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] September 2, 1864 — Capture of Atlanta
General Sherman, by a series of masterly movements, compelled the Confederates to retreat, and after crossing the almost inaccessible country between Chattanooga and Atlanta, finally succeeded in capturing the important military center, Atlanta, the most important strategic point in possession of the Confederates in the southeast.
References:— Davis,
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War [Online]— Dodge,
Bird’s Eye View of Our Civil War [Online] September 3, 1783 — Treaty of Peace Signed at Paris
This treaty marked the close of the Revolutionary War.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Bancroft,
History of the United States, vol. X [Online]— Frothingham,
Rise of the Republic of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Ramsay,
The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Revolution, from David Ramsay’s History of the American Revolution [Online] September 5, 1774 — First Continental Congress
The first Continental Congress met in Carpenter’s Hall, Philadelphia, September 5, 1774. Every colony except Georgia was represented, and the delegates were the ablest politicians of the colonies. Its chief work was the adoption of a Declaration of Rights, and the establishment of the American Association.
References:— Frothingham,
Rise of the Republic of the United States [Online]— ,
American History Leaflets, No. II [Online]— Hildreth,
History of the United States [Online]— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Olliver, The Continental Congress and its Doings
— Maxey, The First American Congress
— , When liberty is the prize, who would shun the warfare, who would stoop to waste a coward thought on life? We esteem no sacrifice too great, no conflict too severe, to redeem our inestimable rights and privileges. ’Tis for you, brethren, for ourselves, for our united posterity, we hazard all; and permit us humbly to hope that such a measure of vigilance, fortitude, and perseverance will still be afforded us that, by patiently suffering and nobly doing, we may eventually secure that more precious than Hesperian fruit, the golden apples of freedom. We see the hand of heaven in the rapid and wonderful union of the colonies; and that generous and universal emulation to prevent the sufferings of the people of this place gives a prelibation of the cup of deliverance. May unerring Wisdom dictate the measures to be recommended by the Congress; may a smiling God conduct this people through the thorny paths of difficulty and finally gladden our hearts with success.
September 5, 1887 — Labor Day First Observed in New York
Labor Day was first observed in the State of New York.
September 5, 1957 — Beatnik Movement Gains Prominence (On the Road Published)
Jack Kerouac’s On the Road defined the Beatnik movement, rejecting conformity with jazz, spontaneity, and rebellion. Centered in San Francisco, it influenced 1960s counterculture, literature, and freedom of expression, challenging societal norms.
References:— Library of Congress,
Beat Generation [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Kerouac,
Excerpt from On the Road [Online] September 7, 1888 — Congress Prohibited Chinese Immigration
Congress passed legislation prohibiting Chinese immigration, reflecting restrictive immigration policies of the era.
September 7, 1813 — Battle of Lake Erie
Perry, in command of the American ships, met a British fleet of six ships, and a hard-fought battle of four hours ensued. The result was a brilliant victory for the Americans; it established their naval supremacy on Lake Erie, Detroit was evacuated by the British, the Indians of Michigan were intimidated. Perry’s motto for the day was Lawrence’s dying words: “Don’t give up the ship,” and his message to Harrison after the victory, “We have met the enemy and they are ours.”
References:— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Cooper,
History of the Navy of the United States [Online]— Bancroft, History of the Battle of Lake Erie
Appropriate Selections:— Headley, Selection from The Second War between England and the United States
September 8, 1565 — Founding of St. Augustine
On the eighth of September, 1565, Don Pedro Menendez, a Spaniard, commenced to lay the foundation of St. Augustine, Florida, the oldest town in the United States.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Winsor,
Narrative and Critical History of the United States [Online]— Parkman,
Pioneers of France in the New World [Online] September 9, 1850 — California Admitted to the Union
California was admitted to the Union.
September 11, 1777 — Battle of Brandywine Creek
At the landing of Howe’s fleet at Chesapeake Bay, Washington marched to Brandywine to make a stand for Philadelphia, but superior numbers and stratagem gave the enemy the victory. While the Americans were being attacked from the front, a part of the British forces secretly fell upon them in the rear and routed them.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Dawson,
Battles of the United States [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] September 11, 1814 — Battle of Plattsburg and McDonough’s Victory
A large British army advanced from Canada to attack Plattsburg, and at the same time their fleet, commanded by Commodore Donnie, began an attack upon the American fleet under Commodore McDonough, then lying in the bay of Plattsburg. Both land and naval contests were sharp and decisive. All the British vessels, with the exception of some galleys, were captured, while the army hastily retreated.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Lossing,
Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 [Online]— Dawson,
Battles of the United States [Online] September 11, 2001 — Terrorist Attacks
Al-Qaeda’s attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon killed 2,977, uniting Americans in grief but prompting the War on Terror. It reshaped national security, led to Afghanistan and Iraq wars, and altered global relations.
References:— National Commission,
The 9/11 Commission Report [Online]— Woodward, Bush at War
September 13, 1759 — Taking of Quebec
The great object of the campaign of 1759 was the reduction of Canada. General Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec; Amherst was to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and then co-operate with Wolfe; and General Prideaux was to capture Niagara and Montreal and then join Amherst. During July, Niagara surrendered, and Johnson, successor to Prideaux, instead of going to Montreal, made his way to Albany. The French abandoned both Ticonderoga and Crown Point without striking a blow, and Amherst went into winter quarters, failing Wolfe. With 8,000 men Wolfe ascended the St. Lawrence and landed his army on the isle of Orleans. On July 31st, he made a daring, though unsuccessful, attempt upon the French intrenchments at Montmorencie, near Quebec. Not discouraged by the disaster, the English continued the struggle, and finally effected a landing at night about two miles above the city, and, climbing the steep banks of the river, by daybreak on September 13th, stood on the Plains of Abraham, in battle array. This battle virtually decided the French and Indian war, and the supremacy of the English in America.
References:— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Hildreth,
History of the United States [Online]— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Parkman,
Taking of Quebec and Death of Wolfe [Online]— Gray,
Elegy in a Country Churchyard [Online] September 13, 1814 — Bombardment of Fort McHenry, Baltimore
After the burning of Washington, Ross started to attack Baltimore, but was slain on the way. His forces, checked for a time by the militia, prepared to cooperate with a fleet of sixteen vessels. But Fort McHenry hindered the advance of the fleet, and after a twenty-four hours’ bombardment the British withdrew.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Lossing,
Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 [Online]— Dawson,
Battles of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Key,
The Star Spangled Banner [Online]— Gillett, The Flag of Washington
September 14, 1807 — Fulton First Ascended the Hudson by Steam Power
This experiment was the beginning of the revolution in methods of navigation.
September 14, 1814 — Defense of Fort McHenry
American forces defended Fort McHenry against British attack, inspiring “The Star-Spangled Banner” and boosting War of 1812 morale.
References:— Lossing,
Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 [Online] September 14, 1847 — Occupation of the City of Mexico
The approaches to the City of Mexico were strongly guarded by batteries and troops, but by perseverance and daring all were overcome, and Santa Anna and his army fled. September 14, 1847, “General Scott, at the head of the American troops, made a triumphal entry into the city.”
References:— Mansfield,
History of the Mexican War [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Dawson,
Battles of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Mansfield,
Selection from Mansfield’s History of the Mexican War [Online] September 15, 1789 — James Fenimore Cooper Born
James Fenimore Cooper born.
September 16, 1776 — Battle of Harlem Plains
While Washington’s army was in New York, after the retreat from Long Island, it was decided to fortify Harlem Heights. Here the Americans were attacked by a strong detachment of British, and after a severe skirmish, were victorious.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Carrington,
Battles of the Revolution [Online]— Dawson,
Battles of the United States [Online] September 16, 1823 — Francis Parkman Born
Francis Parkman born.
Appropriate Selections:— Parkman,
The Conspiracy of Pontiac [Online]— Parkman,
France and England in North America— A Series of Historical Narratives [Online] September 17, 1787 — Adoption of the National Constitution
A stronger government than that provided for by the articles of confederation which had formerly held the colonies together, was found necessary, and a convention met at Philadelphia in May, 1787, to formulate a constitution.
References:— Fiske,
Critical Period of American History [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Frothingham,
Rise of the Republic of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Longfellow,
The Building of the Ship [Online]— Hamilton,
Insufficiency of the Confederation [Online]— Smith, See Dexter Smith, p. 318
September 17, 1862 — Battle of Antietam
Taking advantage of the weak condition of the Union army, the Confederates, under General Lee, marched towards Washington, but were confronted by the forces of Generals Bank and Pope. These generals were defeated, the latter in the second battle of Bull Run (August 29th and 30th); and Lee crossed the Potomac into Maryland. Meanwhile McClellan had been recalled from the James, and, having assumed the command of the army in Maryland, defeated Lee in the battle of South Mountain and in the greater conflict of Antietam (September 17). Lee at once withdrew across the Potomac, but McClellan made no pursuit and in November was superseded by Burnside.
References:— Davis,
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War [Online]— Dodge,
Bird’s Eye View of Our Civil War [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Lossing, The Conflict at Antietam
September 17, 1901 — First Safety Elevator Installed
Elisha Otis’s safety elevator, patented in 1861 and widely implemented in 1901 in New York’s Flatiron Building, used a safety brake to prevent falls. It enabled skyscrapers, transforming cities like New York into economic hubs and showcasing American architectural innovation.
References:— Gray, Elevator: How Machines Changed the World
— Otis,
History of the Elevator [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Otis, Demonstration at the Crystal Palace, 1854
September 18, 1793 — Cotton Gin Invented by Eli Whitney
Cotton Gin invented by Eli Whitney.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] September 18, 1793 — President Washington Laid the Corner-Stone of the National Capitol
President Washington laid the corner-stone of the National Capitol.
Appropriate Selections:— , The Capitol, p. 51
September 19, 1777 — First Battle of Stillwater (Saratoga)
Under Arnold’s and Kosciusko’s direction, Gates had fortified Bemis Heights, a point which Burgoyne must cross on his way to Albany. The British, recognizing the necessity of pushing on, began the attack at once. The contest was ended by darkness, each side claiming the victory. Although the British remained on the field, their advance to Albany was stopped. The American loss equaled about half that of the British.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Hildreth,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— , The Right of the Line, p. 20
September 19, 1863 — Battle of Chickamauga
In June, 1863, Rosecrans again undertook the task of capturing Chattanooga, but succeeded only so far as to compel Bragg to abandon the place. On September 19th, the Confederates under General Bragg suddenly attacked the Union forces under General Rosecrans at Chickamauga, and nearly routed them. But here, as at Murfreesboro, General George H. Thomas saved the day by holding the center of the Union position.
References:— Davis,
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War [Online]— Dodge,
Bird’s Eye View of Our Civil War [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Richards, Rosecrans and the Chickamauga Company—Major William J. Richards, War Papers
September 19, 1881 — Garfield Died, Arthur Became President
Garfield died. Arthur became President.
September 20, 1697 — Peace of Ryswick, Ending King William’s War
Peace of Ryswick, ending King William’s war.
September 20, 1703 — Beginning of Queen Anne’s War
Beginning of Queen Anne’s war.
References:— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Moore,
Diary of the American Revolution [Online]— Sparks,
The Treason of Arnold, by Jared Sparks in Half-Hours with American History, by Morris [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Hamilton,
Execution of Major Andre, in Letter to Lawrens, by Alexander Hamilton, in Anderson’s United States Reader [Online]— Willis, Andre’s Last Request
— Arnold, “I was born in America, I lived there to the prime of my life; but alas, I can call no man in America my friend.”—Arnold
September 21, 1927 — First Public Television Demonstration
Philo Farnsworth’s electronic television demonstration in San Francisco introduced moving images. By 1955, NBC, CBS, and ABC reached 50% of U.S. homes, shaping culture, advertising, and news, with TV becoming a central American pastime.
References:— Fisher, Tube: The Invention of Television
— Farnsworth,
Television History [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Farnsworth, First TV Demonstration Notes
September 22, 1862 — Emancipation Proclamation Issued
President Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, declaring that slaves in Confederate states would be free as of January 1, 1863, redefining the Civil War as a fight for freedom.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online]— Davis,
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Lincoln,
Emancipation Proclamation [Online] September 23, 1779 — Paul Jones’ Naval Victory
Paul Jones, with a small squadron, encountered two British frigates and a merchant fleet off the coast of Great Britain. Jones lashed his flagship, The Bon Homme Richard, to the British ship Serapis and one of the most desperate of sea-fights ensued, lasting from seven until ten, when the frigates struck their flags. It was the first naval victory won under the American flag.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Cooper,
History of the Navy of the United States of America [Online]— Hart,
American History told by Contemporaries [Online]— Mackenzie,
Life of Paul Jones [Online] September 24, 1669 — Fort Orange Surrendered to the English and Renamed Albany
Fort Orange surrendered to the English and was renamed Albany.
September 24, 1846 — Surrender of Monterey
After a series of assaults by General Taylor’s troops, Monterey capitulated, a city strong in natural defenses and furthermore garrisoned by ten thousand troops. The American force was far inferior.
References:— Dawson,
Battles of the United States [Online]— Mansfield,
History of the Mexican War [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Lyons, The Martyr of Monterey
— Hoffman, Monterey
September 24, 1869 — “Black Friday” in New York
On the 24th of September, 1869, there was a terrific panic in the gold-room on Wall street, New York, when a few conspirators held nearly all the gold in this country, and would give it out only at ruinous prices. A telegram from the Secretary of the Treasury at Washington offering $4,000,000 of gold for sale made a great fall in the price, and relieved the financial situation. The business of the country suffered for months because of the effects of the panic.
References:— Lee,
School History of the United States [Online] September 25, 1513 — Discovery of the Pacific Ocean by Balboa
In 1513, Balboa, the governor of the Spanish Colony at the Isthmus of Darien, while crossing the isthmus, gained the summit of a mountain from which he discovered the Pacific Ocean. After falling on his knees and thanking God for the privilege of being the discoverer of this great ocean, he descended to the seashore and took possession of the whole coast in the name of the Spanish Crown.
References:— Fiske,
Discovery of America, vol. II [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Irving, Discovery of Pacific Ocean
September 25, 1690 — First Newspaper in America
On September 25, 1690, there appeared in Boston the first newspaper in America, called “Public Occurrences,” but the Legislature suppressed its publication after the first number.
References:— Childs, History of the United States
September 25, 1789 — Bill of Rights Proposed
Congress proposed the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ensuring individual liberties and shaping American democracy.
References:— Fiske,
The Critical Period of American History [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Madison,
Speech on Amendments [Online] September 28, 1868 — Chinese Embassy
In 1868 China sent to the United States the first embassy she had ever commissioned to any foreign nation.
October 3, 1789 — First Thanksgiving Proclamation
President Washington issued the first national Thanksgiving proclamation, calling for a day of public gratitude and prayer, establishing a tradition of national reflection.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Washington,
Thanksgiving Proclamation [Online] October 3, 1800 — George Bancroft Born
A prominent historian.
October 4, 1777 — Battle of Germantown
At sunrise on October 4th, Washington, with a large force, surprised the British at Germantown. “At first his success was complete, but a dense fog finally frustrated his plans, and, seeing that the day was lost, he ordered a retreat.”
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Dawson,
Battles of the United States [Online]— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] October 5, 1813 — Battle of the Thames
After Perry’s victory on Lake Erie, American forces commanded by Harrison overtook the British and Indians commanded by Proctor and Tecumseh and defeated them. Tecumseh was slain and all that Hull had previously lost was regained.
References:— Morris,
Half-Hours with American History [Online]— Lossing,
Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Dawson,
Battles of the United States [Online] October 7, 1765 — Stamp Act Congress
As a result of the Stamp Act, delegates from all the colonies except Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia and New Hampshire, met at New York to decide upon some plan of opposition, and sent petitions to the king and commons. The unrepresented colonies also sent similar petitions.
References:— Frothingham,
Rise of the Republic of the United States [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States, vol. III [Online]— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Hart,
American History Told by Contemporaries, vol. II [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Adams, British Orations
— Henry, “It was in opposing the Stamp Act that Patrick Henry said, ‘Caesar had his Brutus; Charles I., his Cromwell; and George III.,’—‘Treason, Treason!’ cried his opponents. The orator paused, looked the speaker of the house calmly in the eyes and finished his sentence—‘may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it.’
October 7, 1777 — Battle of Saratoga
Finding that he must either fight or surrender, Burgoyne attempted to cut his way through the American lines, but in spite of his determined exertions he was compelled to fall back. The battle of Saratoga is classed as one of the fifteen decisive battles of the world.
References:— Dawson,
Battles of the United States [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] October 7, 1780 — Battle of King’s Mountain
The British under Ferguson were attacked and defeated at King’s Mountain. The Americans ascended in three divisions on three sides, thus gradually entrapping the British, as the fourth side was too steep for retreat.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Draper,
King’s Mountain and Its Heroes [Online] October 7, 1826 — First Railroad in the United States
A railroad was put into operation at Quincy, Mass., to transport granite about three miles to tide-water. Granite sleepers were used, upon which timbers were placed, and on these flat bars of iron were spiked. The cars were drawn by horses. This is commonly supposed to be the first railroad in America, but there is reported to have been an earlier one of unknown date in Pennsylvania.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] October 7, 2001 — Invasion of Afghanistan
Operation Enduring Freedom targeted al-Qaeda and the Taliban post-9/11, toppling the regime but leading to a 20-year war costing 2,461 U.S. lives. It aimed to combat terrorism but faced challenges in stability and 2021 withdrawal.
References:— National Commission,
The 9/11 Commission Report [Online]— Woodward, Bush at War
Appropriate Selections:— Bush,
Address on Afghanistan Operations [Online] October 9, 1779 — Abandonment of the Siege of Savannah
General Lincoln, in command of the patriot forces of the South, with the help of the French fleet, tried to recover Savannah. After a three weeks’ siege, an assault was made. The Americans were repulsed with heavy loss.
References:— Dawson,
Battles of the United States [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] October 12, 1492 — Discovery of America
Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of America, was born in the city of Genoa, Italy. Believing the earth to be round, he concluded that by sailing westward he would reach India sooner than by the usual route by way of Egypt and the Red Sea. Genoa refused his applications for aid, as did also Portugal and England, but Spain finally came to his assistance. A little over four hundred years ago, on Friday, the third of August, Columbus sailed from the port of Palos, in Spain, and ten weeks later, on Friday, the 12th of October, 1492, he landed at San Salvador, one of the Bahamas.
References:— Channing,
Students’ History of the United States [Online]— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online]— Hildreth,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Robertson, Landing of Columbus
— Bartle, First Voyage of Columbus
— Irving,
Character of Columbus [Online]— Depew, Chauncey M. Depew, p. 162
— , Columbus Day, p. 157
October 13, 1775 — Creation of the Continental Navy
The Continental Congress authorized the creation of a navy, marking the birth of the U.S. Navy, which played a key role in the Revolutionary War.
References:— Cooper,
History of the Navy of the United States [Online] October 13, 1812 — Battle on Queenstown Heights
Battle on Queenstown Heights.
References:— Headley,
History of the Second War with England [Online]— Lossing,
Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Dawson,
Battles of the United States [Online] October 16, 1859 — John Brown’s Raid at Harper’s Ferry
John Brown took an active part in the Kansas troubles. An ardent abolitionist, he formed plans to liberate the slaves. Collecting a small, well-armed force, he suddenly seized the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, October 16, 1859. After a desperate resistance, he was captured, tried, and executed. The event was of the utmost importance in the development of the Civil war.
References:— Schouler,
History of the United States [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Rhodes,
History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 [Online] Appropriate Selections:— , The Battle-Cry of Freedom
October 16, 1962 — Cuban Missile Crisis Begins
The U.S. confronted Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, resolving the 13-day crisis via diplomacy and a naval blockade. A Cold War flashpoint, it showcased Kennedy’s leadership, averted nuclear war, and strengthened U.S.-Soviet negotiations.
Appropriate Selections:— Kennedy,
Address on the Cuban Missile Crisis [Online] October 17, 1777 — Surrender of Burgoyne
As a result of the Battle of Saratoga, Burgoyne was forced to surrender, for he was hedged in without provisions by the patriot forces.
References:— Morris,
Half-Hours with American History [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Curtis, Burgoyne’s Surrender
October 19, 1781 — Surrender of Cornwallis
Cornwallis, shut up in Yorktown, attacked by sea and land, was compelled to surrender. This virtually ended the Revolutionary war, although nearly two years elapsed before the final treaty of Paris.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Holmes, Selection from Holmes’ Annals of America
— , The Battle of Yorktown, p. 179
October 22, 1776 — Execution of Nathan Hale
Execution of Nathan Hale.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Hildreth,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— , A Brave Man’s Death
— Finch, Nathan Hale
— , The Ballad of Nathan Hale
— Hale, “I regret that I have but one life to give to my country.”—Capt. Nathan Hale
October 25, 1760 — Accession of George III
George III’s accession to the British throne led to policies that strained colonial relations, setting the stage for the American Revolution.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] October 25, 1812 — The United States Captured the Macedonian
The frigate United States, Commodore Decatur, compelled the Macedonian to surrender after a two-hours’ action west of the Canary Islands.
References:— Cooper,
History of the Navy of the United States [Online]— Lossing,
Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 [Online] October 28, 1776 — Battle of White Plains
As Washington’s forces on Harlem Heights were so strong, Howe determined to gain his rear. But Washington, informed of Howe’s movements, crossed the Harlem River to meet him, and at White Plains a severe battle was fought. The Americans were driven to the hills of North Castle, whither the British dared not go.
References:— Dawson,
Battles of the United States [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Carrington,
Battles of the American Revolution [Online]— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] October 28, 1886 — Statue of Liberty Dedicated
The Statue of Liberty, a gift from France, was dedicated in New York Harbor, symbolizing freedom and welcoming immigrants to America.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] October 28, 1955 — First Commercial Jet Flight (Boeing 707)
Pan Am’s Boeing 707 flight from New York to Paris cut transatlantic travel to 8 hours, revolutionizing air travel. Pan Am’s global network boosted U.S. prestige and tourism until its 1991 bankruptcy, shaping modern globalization.
References:— Davies, Airlines of the United States
Appropriate Selections:— Trippe, Pan Am Jet Launch Speech
October 30, 1753 — French and Indian War
The French having seized three British traders, and built forts on the land of the Ohio Company, an association formed under a royal grant to trade with the Indians, Governor Dinwiddie of the Virginia Colony selected George Washington, then about twenty-two, to carry a letter of remonstrance to the French commandant—the first public service of importance performed by Washington.
References:— Anderson,
History of the United States [Online]— Hildreth,
History of the United States [Online]— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online]— Lee,
School History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Lossing,
Incidents of Washington’s Journey [Online] November 1, 1800 — National Capitol Established at Washington
The seat of government was changed from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] November 2, 1766 — Birth of Daniel Boone
Daniel Boone, the pioneer, born.
November 2, 1795 — Birth of James K. Polk
James K. Polk born, eleventh President of the United States.
November 3, 1793 — Stephen Austin Born
Stephen Austin, pioneer of Texas, born.
November 4, 1879 — Birth of Will Rogers
Will Rogers, humorist and social commentator, born. His wit and commentary on American life influenced public discourse.
References:— Yagoda,
Will Rogers: A Biography [Online] November 5, 1605 — Guy Fawkes’ Day
A conspiracy to blow up the British House of Parliament was discovered, and thereafter the day was celebrated by the burning of the effigy of Guy Fawkes, one of the conspirators. The celebration was continued in the New England colonies.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] November 7, 1865 — Completion of First Transcontinental Telegraph
The first transcontinental telegraph line was completed, connecting East and West coasts, revolutionizing communication and reducing message delivery time from weeks to minutes.
References:— Channing,
Students’ History of the United States [Online] November 10, 1775 — Birth of the U.S. Marine Corps
The Continental Congress established the Marine Corps to serve as naval infantry, playing a key role in the Revolutionary War and beyond.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] November 11, 1620 — Mayflower Compact Signed
The Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact, establishing a self-governing colony at Plymouth, a foundational step for American democracy.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Bradford,
Of Plymouth Plantation [Online] November 13, 1789 — Benjamin Franklin’s Last Public Writing
Benjamin Franklin wrote his final public letter, advocating for the abolition of slavery, influencing early anti-slavery sentiment.
November 14, 1765 — Birth of Robert Fulton
Robert Fulton, inventor of the steamboat, born.
November 15, 1777 — Articles of Confederation Adopted
The Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the United States, providing a framework for national governance.
References:— Fiske,
The Critical Period of American History [Online] November 16, 1907 — Oklahoma Admitted to the Union
Oklahoma was admitted as the 46th state, incorporating former Indian Territory and expanding U.S. territory in the Southwest.
References:— Channing,
Students’ History of the United States [Online] November 17, 1800 — Congress First Meets in Washington, D.C.
The U.S. Congress convened in Washington, D.C., for the first time, marking the city as the permanent national capital.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] November 18, 1883 — Standard Time Adopted
The U.S. adopted standard time zones, driven by railroad needs, synchronizing clocks nationwide and improving transportation and communication efficiency.
References:— Channing,
Students’ History of the United States [Online] November 19, 1863 — Lincoln Delivers Gettysburg Address
President Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the Soldiers’ National Cemetery, redefining the Civil War’s purpose and reinforcing national unity.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online]— Davis,
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War [Online] November 21, 1783 — First Manned Hot Air Balloon Flight in America
The first manned hot air balloon flight in America took place in Philadelphia, demonstrating early aviation experiments and inspiring future aeronautical innovation.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] November 25, 1783 — British Evacuation of New York
The British troops evacuated New York City, their last military position in the United States, and General Washington entered the city at the head of his army. This event marked the practical close of the Revolutionary War.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] November 26, 1789 — First National Thanksgiving Proclaimed
By proclamation of the President and Congress, the first national Thanksgiving was appointed for the 26th of November, in gratitude for the establishment of the government and the success of the Revolution.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] November 28, 1520 — Magellan Entered the Pacific Ocean
Magellan, while in the service of Spain, sailed through the straits which now bear his name, and entered the Pacific Ocean, November 28, 1520. He was the first European to sail upon it.
References:— Winsor,
Narrative and Critical History of America [Online] December 2, 1823 — Monroe Doctrine
Napoleon’s triumph in Spain led to revolts in the Spanish Colonies in America; another so-called “Holy Alliance” had been suggested to consider aiding Spain to reduce the Colonies; and Russia had claimed part of the Pacific coast of North America. Finally Great Britain proposed that England and the United States should unite in a declaration against European intervention in America. The proposal was declined. In his annual message, Monroe stated the policy known as the Monroe Doctrine: “America for Americans.”
References:— Macdonald,
Select Documents of United States History [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Channing,
Students’ History of the United States [Online] December 3, 1818 — Illinois Admitted to the Union
Illinois was admitted to the Union.
References:— Channing,
Students’ History of the United States [Online] December 4, 1682 — Establishment of the Quaker Colony in Pennsylvania
Actuated by a desire to found a colony where civil and religious liberty might be enjoyed, and where the people might dwell together in peace, William Penn obtained from Charles II. a tract of land west of the Delaware and called it Pennsylvania. After several conferences with the Indians, he met them beneath the wide-spreading elm at a place now called Kensington, a part of Philadelphia, where he made his famous treaty of peace and friendship with the Redmen—a treaty “never sworn to and never broken.”
References:— Lee,
School History of the United States [Online]— Morris,
Half-Hours with American History [Online]— Hildreth,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— ,
Penn’s Treaty with the Indians, in Anderson’s United States Reader [Online] December 4, 1783 — Washington Took Leave of His Officers
Washington took leave of his officers and gave up the active command of the American army.
References:— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— , Washington’s Address to the Officers of the Army
December 5, 1933 — Prohibition Repealed (21st Amendment)
The 21st Amendment repealed Prohibition, ending a 13-year ban that fueled crime. It restored alcohol markets, generated $1 billion in annual tax revenue by 1940, and closed a divisive chapter, aiding economic recovery.
References:— Okrent,
Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Roosevelt,
Proclamation on Repeal [Online] December 6, 1865 — 13th Amendment Ratified
The 13th Amendment abolished slavery in the United States, fulfilling the promise of the Emancipation Proclamation and reshaping American society.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Lincoln,
Emancipation Proclamation [Online] December 10, 1817 — Mississippi Admitted to the Union
Mississippi was admitted to the Union.
References:— Channing,
Students’ History of the United States [Online] December 10, 1898 — Treaty of Peace Signed Between Spain and the United States
The Commissioners of both governments met in Paris in October and exchanged their powers. The negotiations then begun, lasted until December 10, when the treaty was signed. The Americans did their work among hostile nations, in a way which added another triumph to the annals of American diplomacy.
Appropriate Selections:— ,
The Peace Conference and the Moral Aspect of War.—North American Review, October, 1899 [Online] December 11, 1816 — Indiana Admitted to the Union
Indiana was admitted to the Union.
References:— Channing,
Students’ History of the United States [Online] December 11, 1777 — Washington’s Army Went into Winter Quarters at Valley Forge
Washington’s army went into winter quarters at Valley Forge.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Greene,
Selections from the Life of General Greene [Online]— Irving,
Selection from Irving’s Life of Washington [Online] December 13, 1862 — Battle of Fredericksburg
Led by General Burnside, their new commander, the Union army crossed the Rappahannock, the design being to march against Richmond by the route from Fredericksburg. Fredericksburg was taken December 13, but, after a disastrous attempt to carry the works behind the city, the river was recrossed. The horror of Fredericksburg led to Burnside’s deposition from the command of the army of the Potomac.
References:— Davis,
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War [Online]— Dodge,
Bird’s Eye View of Our Civil War [Online] Appropriate Selections:— White, Fredericksburg.—W. F. H., in Richard Grant White’s Poetry of the War
December 14, 1799 — Death of Washington
Death of Washington.
References:— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— , The Half-Masted Flag, p. 25
December 14, 1819 — Alabama Admitted to the Union
Alabama was admitted to the Union.
References:— Channing,
Students’ History of the United States [Online] December 15, 1791 — Bill of Rights Ratified
The Bill of Rights, comprising the first ten amendments to the Constitution, was ratified, guaranteeing individual liberties and shaping American governance.
References:— Fiske,
The Critical Period of American History [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Madison,
The Federalist Papers [Online] December 16, 1773 — Boston Tea Party
The East India Company sent several shiploads of tea to the Colonies. The colonists, however, refused to pay the tax, in spite of the extremely low price of the tea, and at Boston, December 16, 1773, a small band of men disguised as Indians, boarded the ships and threw the tea overboard. The action shows the strict adherence to principle which characterized the colonists.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Frothingham,
Rise of the Republic of the United States [Online]— Hart,
American History Told by Contemporaries, vol. II [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Quincy, “It is not, Mr. Moderator, the spirit that vapors within these walls that must stand us in stead. The exertions of this day will call forth events which will make a very different spirit necessary for our salvation. Whoever supposes that shouts and hosannas will terminate the trials of the day entertains a childish fancy. We must be grossly ignorant of the importance and value of the prize for which we contend; we must be equally ignorant of the power of those who have combined against us; we must be blind to that malice, inveteracy, and insatiable revenge which actuates our enemies, public and private, abroad and in our bosom, to hope that we shall end this controversy without the sharpest conflicts,—to flatter ourselves that popular resolves, popular harangues, popular acclamations, and popular vapor will vanquish our foes. Let us consider the issue. Let us look to the end. Let us weigh and consider before we advance to those measures which must bring on the most trying and terrific struggle this country ever saw.”—Josiah Quincy, Jr.
December 17, 1807 — John Greenleaf Whittier Born
John Greenleaf Whittier born.
Appropriate Selections:— , See p. 152
December 17, 1903 — First Powered Flight by the Wright Brothers
Orville and Wilbur Wright’s 12-second, 120-foot flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, launched powered aviation. It spurred the U.S. aerospace industry, revolutionized transportation, and enabled military air power, shaping global connectivity.
References:— Wright,
The Papers of Wilbur and Orville Wright [Online]— McCullough,
The Wright Brothers [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Orville Wright,
Diary Entry, December 17, 1903 [Online] December 18, 1867 — Abolition of Slavery in the United States
A resolution of Congress, proposing an amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery, having been approved by three-fourths of the states, slavery was declared constitutionally abolished.
December 19, 1675 — Attack on the Narragansett Fort
Attack on the Narragansett Fort.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Longfellow,
The Indian Hunter [Online]— Irving,
Death and Character of King Philip, from Irving’s Sketch-Book [Online] December 20, 1860 — Secession of South Carolina
After an exciting canvass, in 1860, in which the slavery question was the all-absorbing topic, the election resulted in favor of Abraham Lincoln, the candidate of the Republican party. When it became known that the party opposed to the further extension of slavery had been successful, public meetings were held in South Carolina to bring about a secession of that State from the Union; and, on the 20th of December, 1860, an ordinance of secession was passed by a state convention held in Charleston. Six days later, hostilities commenced which led directly to the great Civil war.
References:— Dodge,
Bird’s Eye View of Our Civil War [Online]— Ropes,
Story of the Civil War [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Johnston,
In American Orations [Online]— Holmes,
Brother Jonathan’s Lament for Sister Caroline [Online]— Everett, The Ordinance of Nullification
December 21, 1864 — Occupation of Savannah
Having destroyed Atlanta, September 2, Sherman made his memorable march through Georgia to the sea coast and occupied Savannah, Dec. 21, 1864.
References:— Davis,
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War [Online]— Dodge,
Bird’s Eye View of Our Civil War [Online]— Ropes,
Story of Our Civil War [Online]— Channing,
Students’ History of the United States [Online]— Lossing,
Civil War in America [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Sherman,
Sherman’s March to the Sea—Wm. T. Sherman in Half-Hours with American History [Online] December 22, 1620 — Landing of Pilgrims
The first permanent settlement in New England was made at Plymouth by a small band of pilgrims, dissenters from the Church of England, who fled from their own country to find religious freedom.
References:— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Hildreth,
History of the United States [Online]— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Everett, The Pilgrims
— Southey, Landing of the Pilgrims
— Palfrey,
Settlement of Plymouth.—Palfrey, in History of New England [Online]— Pierpont,
The Pilgrim Fathers [Online]— , The Landing of the Pilgrims, p. 163
— O’Reilly, John Boyle O’Reilly.—p. 167
— , Landing of the Pilgrims.—p. 167
December 23, 1783 — Washington Resigned His Commission to Congress
Washington resigned his commission to Congress.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Frothingham,
Rise of the Republic of the United States [Online]— Fiske,
Critical Period of American History [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Gordon,
The closing scene from William Gordon’s History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment of the Independence of the United States of America [Online]— Ramsay,
Selection from Ramsay’s Life of Washington [Online] December 24, 1814 — Treaty of Ghent
About a month after the defeat of the British at New Orleans, news came that a treaty of peace had been signed at Ghent. “Peace! peace! peace! was the deep, harmonious, universal anthem. The whole night, Broadway sang its song of peace; and the next day, Sunday, all the churches sent up hymns of thanksgiving for the joyous tidings.”
References:— Lossing,
Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] December 26, 1776 — Battle of Trenton
The Americans were at this time gloomy and almost despairing of victory; their army had met defeat, hardship, and discouragement. The British troops were divided throughout New Jersey, a force of 1,200 being stationed at Trenton. On the night of the 25th, Washington himself led 2,400 trusted soldiers to the attack. They crossed the river in a fearful storm; the next morning marched nine miles to Trenton, through a driving storm, surprised and took the city. “That victory turned the shadows of Death into the morning.”
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online]— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Moore,
Songs and Ballads of the Revolution [Online]— Lodge, The Battle of Trenton.—Henry Cabot Lodge, p. 260
December 28, 1835 — Second Seminole War
As a result of the attempt to remove the Seminole Indians of Florida to lands west of the Mississippi, war again broke out. On December 28th, Osceola, the chief, suddenly attacked a house where General Thompson was dining, and killed five of the party. The same day Major Dade, with over 100 men, was attacked, and all but four men were massacred. The Americans could obtain no decided victory. Finally, Osceola appeared with a flag of truce, was captured, and imprisoned. Two months later, the Indians were defeated in a desperate battle near Lake Okeechobee.
References:— Dawson,
Battles of the United States [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Hooper, Osceola
December 28, 1846 — Iowa Admitted to the Union
Iowa was admitted to the Union.
December 29, 1812 — The Constitution Captured the Java
After a two hours’ fight the United States frigate Constitution, Commodore Bainbridge, captured the Java off the coast of Brazil.
References:— Cooper,
History of the Navy of the United States [Online]— Dawson,
Battles of the United States [Online]— Lossing,
Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 [Online] December 29, 1845 — Texas Admitted to the Union
Texas was admitted to the Union.
December 30, 1853 — The Gadsden Treaty
The interests of the United States in a transportation route across the isthmus of Tehuantepec occasioned extensive diplomatic correspondence between the United States and Mexico. In addition, the running of the boundary line under the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had been attended with difficulties. Both questions were dealt with in the Gadsden treaty, December 30, 1853. The area acquired from Mexico was 45,535 square miles.
References:— Macdonald,
Select Documents of United States History [Online] December 31, 1775 — Attack on Quebec
After a long and hideous march through the wilderness in winter, Arnold reached the Plains of Abraham with only 550 of his 1,100 men. December 1st, Montgomery arrived with his force and took command. As their numbers were small and their field pieces few, a stormy night was selected for the attack. The advance was made in two divisions, under Montgomery and Arnold, but early in the conflict Montgomery was killed and Arnold wounded so that the command fell upon Morgan. In spite of his desperate resistance, he was overpowered by numbers and forced to surrender, for the town had been warned of the movement, and had received reinforcements.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Hildreth,
History of the United States [Online] January 1, 1831 — First Issue of The Liberator
The Liberator, an abolitionist paper, was started by William Lloyd Garrison. It had an immense influence against slavery.
References:— Garrison,
Life of William Lloyd Garrison, by his sons [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— ,
Old South Leaflets, III., No. I [Online] Appropriate Selections:— ,
Selection from Old South Leaflets, No. 79 [Online] January 1, 1863 — Emancipation Proclamation
On the first of January, 1863, President Lincoln issued his memorable proclamation, declaring free all the slaves within the borders of the States at war with the general government. By this measure, more than three millions of slaves were declared free. On the same day Galveston was taken; and the naval force before the place was captured, destroyed, or dispersed by the Confederates.
References:— ,
Old South Leaflets; General Series, No. II [Online]— Ropes,
Story of the Civil War [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Dana, Charles A. Dana.—p. 280
January 1, 1879 — Resumption of Specie Payments
During the Civil war, Government notes were greatly depreciated and gold became a marketable product. At the close of the war, however, the price gradually declined; and on the first of January, 1879, the government and the banks resumed specie payments, gold and silver once more coming into general use.
January 1, 1899 — Nassau County Erected
Nassau county erected from territory of Queens.
January 1, 1908 — First Mass-Produced Automobile (Ford Model T)
Henry Ford’s Model T, mass-produced via assembly lines, sold over 15 million by 1927, making cars affordable. It spurred suburbanization, created millions of jobs, and cemented U.S. industrial dominance, reshaping American society.
References:— Brinkley,
Wheels for the World [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Ford, Model T Announcement, 1908
January 2, 1776 — First Continental Flag
It was composed of thirteen stripes and the union of the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— , A Brief History of the Flag.—See p. 5
January 3, 1777 — Battle of Princeton
Washington’s small force was confronted at Trenton by Cornwallis and a large army. As a battle seemed full of peril, Washington broke camp in the night, deceiving his enemy by keeping his camp-fires burning, and at sunrise met the British forces near Princeton. At first the Americans gave way, but Washington, with a select corps, routed the enemy. The British loss was about 400 men, while the American loss was not more than thirty.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Orne, Washington at Princeton.—Miss C. F. Orne
January 3, 1959 — Alaska Admitted to the Union
Alaska, purchased from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million, became the 49th state. Its oil reserves and Arctic position strengthened U.S. economic and strategic power, completing a territorial expansion begun a century earlier.
References:— Channing,
Students’ History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Eisenhower,
Proclamation of Alaska Statehood [Online] January 4, 1896 — Utah Admitted to the Union
Utah was admitted to the Union.
January 8, 1815 — Battle of New Orleans
Jackson, in command of the American troops at New Orleans, had raised a line of defense extending a mile in front of the forces, while the Mississippi was on his right flank, and a jungle on his left. The British under Pakenham made an advance, but volley after volley was poured upon them until they had to flee. Pakenham was slain and 2,000 of his men were killed, wounded, or taken prisoners. The Americans had seven killed and six wounded.
References:— Morris,
Half-Hours with American History [Online]— Lossing,
Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— , Dirge for a Soldier
— English, Battle of New Orleans.—Thomas Dunn English
— Paxton, Selection from Paxton’s Life of Andrew Jackson
January 10, 1923 — First Commercial Air Flight
Aeromarine West Indies Airways’ Key West-to-Havana flight launched commercial aviation, reducing travel time and boosting tourism. It set the stage for U.S. airline dominance, with carriers like Pan Am shaping global connectivity.
Appropriate Selections:— Aeromarine, First Flight Announcement
January 11, 1757 — Alexander Hamilton Born
A statesman and leader of the Revolutionary period, and during the formation of the Constitutional period.
January 13, 1794 — Flag Act of 1794
Congress passed the Flag Act, establishing the design of the U.S. flag with 15 stars and stripes, reflecting the growing nation.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] January 16, 1917 — Zimmermann Telegram Intercepted
The British intercepted a German telegram proposing a Mexico-Germany alliance against the U.S., promising Mexico lost territories. Its publication in March 1917 inflamed American sentiment, prompting Congress to declare war on Germany in April, entering WWI.
References:— Tuchman,
The Zimmermann Telegram [Online]— State Department,
Zimmermann Telegram [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Wilson,
Address to Congress on War Declaration [Online] January 16, 1920 — Prohibition Begins (18th Amendment)
The 18th Amendment banned alcohol, driven by temperance advocates. It reduced consumption but fueled organized crime (e.g., Al Capone’s $60 million empire), revealing tensions between reform and freedom until repealed in 1933.
References:— Okrent,
Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Wilson,
Veto of the Volstead Act [Online] January 17, 1706 — Benjamin Franklin Born
Benjamin Franklin born.
January 17, 1781 — Battle of the Cowpens
At the Cowpens, the British under Tarleton attacked the Americans commanded by Morgan. After a severe battle, the British were completely routed, losing about eight hundred men, while the American loss was about eighty.
References:— Dawson,
Battles of the United States [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Greene,
Selection from “Life of Nathaniel Greene.”—George W. Greene [Online] January 18, 1782 — Daniel Webster Born
Daniel Webster born.
Appropriate Selections:— Webster, Speech on the Fugitive Slave Law
January 19, 1809 — Edgar Allan Poe Born
Edgar Allan Poe born.
January 20, 1778 — France Recognizes U.S. Independence
France formally recognized U.S. independence, signing a treaty of alliance that provided critical support during the Revolutionary War.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online] January 22, 1973 — Roe v. Wade
The Supreme Court legalized abortion, ruling it a constitutional right. It empowered women’s reproductive autonomy, shaped political divides, and influenced elections for 49 years until overturned, sparking national debates.
References:— Garrow,
Liberty and Sexuality [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Blackmun,
Opinion of the Court [Online] January 26, 1837 — Michigan Admitted to the Union
Michigan was admitted to the Union.
January 27, 1789 — Ontario County Erected
Ontario county erected from territory of Montgomery.
January 27, 1973 — Vietnam War Ceasefire
The Paris Peace Accords ended U.S. involvement in Vietnam, withdrawing 2.7 million troops after 58,000 deaths. South Vietnam fell in 1975, but the ceasefire closed a divisive Cold War chapter, prompting reflection on war’s costs.
References:— Kissinger,
Ending the Vietnam War [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Nixon,
Address on Vietnam Peace [Online] January 29, 1850 — Compromise of 1850
The compromise measures proposed by Clay, January 29, 1850, consisted of four acts providing for “The organization of territorial governments for New Mexico and Utah without mention of slavery; the establishment of the boundary of Texas; the abolition of the slave-trade in the District of Columbia; and the surrender to their masters of slaves escaping to free states.” The last measure was known as the Fugitive Slave Law.
References:— Channing,
The United States of America, 1765-1866 [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Macdonald,
Select Documents of United States History [Online]— Johnston,
Johnston’s Orations [Online] January 29, 1861 — Kansas Admitted to the Union
Kansas was admitted to the Union.
January 29, 1991 — First Commercial Internet Service
The World, the first commercial ISP, launched the internet for public use, enabling email and websites. U.S. innovation (e.g., ARPANET) drove the digital revolution, transforming communication, commerce, and global connectivity.
Appropriate Selections:— Berners-Lee,
World Wide Web Proposal [Online] February 1, 1865 — 13th Amendment Passed by Congress
Congress passed the 13th Amendment, abolishing slavery, sent to the states for ratification, marking a pivotal step toward equality.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] February 2, 1848 — Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
By the treaty with Mexico, February 2, 1848, all the territory north of the Rio Grande, New Mexico and California was ceded to the United States; $15,000,000 was to be paid for the acquired territory and debts due from Mexico to American citizens should be assumed by the United States.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Anderson,
United States Reader [Online] February 5, 1823 — Yates County Erected
Yates county erected from territory of Ontario.
February 6, 1778 — Treaty Between the United States and France
The alliance with France therein made insured the final independence of the United States.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Hart,
American History Told by Contemporaries [Online]— Morris,
Half-Hours with American History [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] February 7, 1791 — Rensselaer County Erected
Rensselaer county erected from territory of Albany.
February 7, 1791 — Saratoga County Erected
Saratoga county erected from territory of Albany.
February 8, 1690 — Schenectady Destroyed
The troubles between England and France led to war in the colonies between the English and French. On February 8, 1690, the first attack was made by the French and Indians. Albany was to be the place of attack, but the Indians chose Schenectady and the French followed. They quietly entered the town at midnight with no resistance, as the palisades were deserted, massacred many of the inhabitants and burned the town.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] February 8, 1860 — Organization of the Confederacy
On the 8th of February, a congress, composed of delegates from all the seceding states, except Texas, met at Montgomery, and four days later organized a government by the adoption of a Provisional Constitution, assuming the title, Confederate States of America. On the 9th, this congress elected Jefferson Davis President of the Confederacy, and on the 18th, Texas being represented, he was duly inaugurated.
References:— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Lee,
School History of the United States [Online]— Dodge,
Bird’s Eye View of Our Civil War [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Bennett,
Davis’ Address.—Bennett, in Moore’s Personal and Political Ballads [Online]— Cornwall,
Jefferson Davis.—Cornwall, in Moore’s Personal and Political Ballads [Online] February 9, 1773 — Virginia Establishes Committee of Correspondence
Virginia’s House of Burgesses established a Committee of Correspondence, fostering intercolonial communication and revolutionary unity.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online] February 11, 1847 — Thomas Edison Born
Thomas Edison, the inventor of the phonograph, born.
February 12, 1809 — Abraham Lincoln Born
Abraham Lincoln born.
Appropriate Selections:— , The Birthday of Abraham Lincoln.—p. 269
— , Theodore Frelinghuysen.—p. 271
— Emerson, Ralph Waldo Emerson.—p. 274
February 14, 1859 — Oregon Admitted to the Union
Oregon was admitted to the Union.
February 15, 1898 — Battle-Ship Maine Blown Up in Havana Harbor
In 1895 occurred one of the numerous insurrections in Cuba against Spanish rule. In a short time people were forced to recognize the fact that this time the Cubans were determined to win their liberty. Affairs went from bad to worse and the Spanish cruelties towards the Cubans, and finally towards the Americans in Havana, led to the United States sending the battleship “Maine” to Havana as a protection in case of further atrocities. Spain was unduly suspicious, and the effects of its corrupt system of government were shown in the blowing up of the Maine and the killing of two hundred and sixty-four men and two officers, in the fancied security of a friendly harbor.
Appropriate Selections:— , The Maine... p. 108
February 16, 1791 — Herkimer County Erected
Herkimer county erected from territory of Montgomery.
February 16, 1791 — Otsego County Erected
Otsego county erected from territory of Montgomery.
February 16, 1791 — Tioga County Erected
Tioga county erected from territory of Montgomery.
February 16, 1807 — Frigate Philadelphia Destroyed at Tripoli by Decatur
The Tripolitans were accustomed to capture merchant ships of different nations, and make slaves of their crews. Even the tribute money no longer restrained them and different expeditions were sent against them. In one of these, Commodore Preble’s frigate, Philadelphia, was captured and fitted up by the Tripolitans. Shortly afterwards, Stephen Decatur was sent to destroy the ship. At night he succeeded in entering the harbor unseen, boarding the Philadelphia, overcoming the Tripolitan guard, and destroying the vessel. A treaty of peace was made June 4, 1807.
References:— Cooper,
History of the Navy of the United States [Online]— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— , See p. 237
February 17, 1865 — Evacuation of Charleston
Sherman, having halted at Savannah only long enough to refit his army, was again in motion by February 1st. On the 17th he captured Columbia, compelling the Confederates by this achievement to evacuate Charleston.
References:— Ropes,
Story of the Civil War [Online]— Davis,
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War [Online]— Dodge,
Bird’s Eye View of Our Civil War [Online] February 22, 1732 — George Washington Born
George Washington born.
Appropriate Selections:— , See p. 243
February 22, 1819 — Florida Ceded to the United States
When Jackson was sent to Florida to repress the Seminole Indians, he found that they were incited to hostilities by certain people there, and so invaded the country. Trouble with Spain was feared as a result, but all difficulties were finally settled by the treaty signed at Washington, February 22, 1819, when Spain agreed to sell Florida to the United States for $5,000,000. Florida did not actually come into the possession of the United States, however, until two years later.
References:— Winsor,
Narrative and Critical History of the United States [Online]— Channing,
Students’ History of the United States [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] February 22, 1819 — James Russell Lowell Born
James Russell Lowell born.
Appropriate Selections:— , See p. 153
February 22, 1865 — Occupation of Wilmington
The active operations of 1865 began with the reduction of Fort Fisher, the main defense of Wilmington, by General Terry, and Admiral Porter’s fleet. Wilmington was occupied by the Federal troops a few days after the capture of the fort.
References:— Ropes,
Story of the Civil War [Online]— Davis,
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War [Online]— Dodge,
Bird’s Eye View of Our Civil War [Online] February 23, 1847 — Battle of Buena Vista
General Taylor, having taken Monterey, advanced to Saltillo, where he was confronted by Santa Anna with an army four times as large as his own. After two days’ fighting, Santa Anna retreated with a loss of about two thousand men. This battle virtually ended hostilities in Northern Mexico.
References:— Mansfield,
History of the Mexican War [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Mansfield,
Selection from Mansfield’s History of the Mexican War [Online] February 24, 1868 — Impeachment of President Johnson
The House of Representatives voted to impeach President Andrew Johnson for “high crimes and misdemeanors,” largely over his violation of the Tenure of Office Act. The Senate trial failed to convict him by one vote, allowing him to remain in office.
References:— Rhodes,
History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 [Online]— Channing,
Students’ History of the United States [Online] February 25, 1836 — Samuel Colt Patented His Revolver
Samuel Colt received a patent for his revolving-cylinder pistol, which revolutionized firearms with its rapid-fire capability, impacting military and civilian use.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] February 25, 1951 — Rise of Rock ‘n’ Roll (Elvis Presley’s First Recording)
Elvis Presley’s “That’s All Right” at Sun Records ignited rock ‘n’ roll, blending Black and white musical traditions. It reshaped youth culture, challenged racial barriers, and made the U.S. a global cultural leader, selling millions of records.
References:— Guralnick,
Last Train to Memphis [Online]— Library of Congress,
Rock ‘n’ Roll History [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Presley, That’s All Right (Recording)
February 26, 1815 — Napoleon Left Elba
Napoleon left Elba and landed in France, March 1st. The news of this event reached the United States and put an end to the plans for a commercial treaty with Great Britain, which, it was feared, might lead to another war.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Channing,
Students’ History of the United States [Online] February 27, 1807 — Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Born
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow born.
Appropriate Selections:— , See p. 152
February 27, 1827 — First Mardi Gras Celebration in New Orleans
Students in New Orleans, inspired by Parisian traditions, held the first recorded Mardi Gras parade, marking the start of a cultural festival that became a hallmark of American regional identity.
References:— Channing,
Students’ History of the United States [Online] February 28, 1784 — John Wesley Chartered the Methodist Church
John Wesley formally chartered the Methodist Church in the United States, establishing a major religious denomination that influenced American social and moral values.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] March 1, 1799 — Essex County Erected
Essex county erected from territory of Clinton.
March 1, 1816 — Oswego County Erected
Oswego county erected from territory of Onondaga.
March 1, 1872 — Yellowstone National Park Established
Congress established Yellowstone as the first national park, preserving its natural wonders and setting a precedent for conservation in the U.S. and globally.
References:— Channing,
Students’ History of the United States [Online] March 3, 1817 — Alabama Territory Organized
Alabama Territory organized.
March 3, 1836 — Cattaraugus County Erected
Cattaraugus county erected from territory of Genesee.
March 3, 1845 — Florida Admitted to the Union
Florida was admitted to the Union.
March 3, 1863 — National Banking Act Passed
The National Banking Act established a national banking system and currency, stabilizing the economy during the Civil War.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] March 4, 1789 — First Congress Under Constitution Convenes
The first U.S. Congress convened under the new Constitution, marking the start of the federal government’s operations.
References:— Fiske,
The Critical Period of American History [Online] March 4, 1797 — John Adams’ Inauguration
John Adams was inaugurated as the second U.S. President, continuing the development of federal governance.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] March 4, 1801 — Jefferson’s First Inauguration
Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated as the third President, emphasizing democratic principles and limited government in his address.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Jefferson,
First Inaugural Address [Online] March 4, 1829 — Jackson’s First Inauguration
Andrew Jackson was inaugurated as the seventh President of the United States.
March 4, 1861 — Lincoln’s First Inauguration
Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as the 16th President, addressing the nation on the brink of Civil War, emphasizing preservation of the Union.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Lincoln,
First Inaugural Address [Online] March 4, 1869 — Grant’s First Inauguration
Ulysses S. Grant was inaugurated as the 18th President, leading Reconstruction efforts and promoting national healing post-Civil War.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Grant,
First Inaugural Address [Online] March 5, 1770 — Boston Massacre
As a result of the tax on tea and other articles, indignation meetings were held in Boston, and the people refused to allow the landing of tea. Soldiers were sent from England to overawe the populace, and collisions occurred between the citizens and the soldiers. On March 5, 1770, a squad of British soldiers was attacked by a mob; the soldiers fired, and several citizens were killed. This affair was known as the Boston Massacre, and did much to hasten the Revolution.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Frothingham,
Rise of the Republic of the United States [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Bancroft,
The Boston Massacre.—Bancroft, in Half-Hours with American History [Online] March 7, 1774 — Oneida County Erected
Oneida county erected from territory of Herkimer.
March 8, 1862 — Battle Between the Monitor and the Merrimac
The Merrimac, a Confederate vessel rebuilt and iron-clad, attacked the Union fleet in Hampton Roads, and succeeded in destroying two vessels and disabling another. The next day, the Monitor, an iron-clad vessel invented by Ericsson, appeared and attacked the Merrimac. After a four hours’ battle, the Merrimac withdrew, and the Monitor, though not pursuing, was acknowledged the victor. The contest revolutionized naval warfare.
References:— Ropes,
Story of the Civil War [Online]— Davis,
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Bushnell,
The Monitor and Merrimac.—Bushnell, in Half-Hours with American History [Online] March 12, 1947 — Truman Doctrine Initiates Cold War
President Truman’s doctrine pledged U.S. support to nations resisting communism, marking the Cold War’s start (1947–1991). It framed U.S.-Soviet rivalry, with the U.S. spending $1 trillion on defense and proxy wars, shaping global strategy until the Soviet collapse.
References:— Gaddis,
The Cold War: A New History [Online]— Truman,
Truman Doctrine Speech [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Truman,
Address on Greece and Turkey [Online] March 15, 1820 — Maine Admitted to the Union
Maine was admitted to the Union.
March 15, 1830 — Wyoming County Erected
Wyoming county erected from territory of Genesee.
March 17, 1776 — Evacuation of Boston
The British troops under Howe, being unable to hold Boston against the American army, which had fortified Dorchester Heights, evacuated the city and sailed for Halifax, March 17, 1776. This was the first great triumph of the American arms.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Frothingham,
The Siege of Boston.—Frothingham, in Half-Hours with American History [Online] March 20, 2003 — Invasion of Iraq
The U.S. invaded Iraq to remove Saddam Hussein, citing WMDs, costing 4,431 U.S. lives and $2 trillion. It toppled the regime but sparked insurgency and instability, fueling debates over U.S. interventionism.
References:— Ricks,
Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Bush,
Address on Iraq Invasion [Online] March 23, 1775 — Patrick Henry’s Speech
Patrick Henry, in a speech before the Virginia Assembly, made his famous appeal for liberty: “Give me liberty or give me death.”
References:— Frothingham,
Rise of the Republic of the United States [Online]— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Henry,
Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death [Online] March 24, 1765 — Passage of the Stamp Act
England, needing money to pay her debts incurred during the French and Indian War, decided to tax the American colonies. The Stamp Act, passed by Parliament, required stamps to be placed on all legal documents, licenses, and even newspapers, and caused great excitement and indignation in the colonies.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Frothingham,
Rise of the Republic of the United States [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Otis,
Speech Against the Stamp Act.—James Otis, in American Orations [Online] March 25, 1634 — Maryland Founded
The colony was founded by Lord Baltimore, who obtained a grant from Charles I., for the purpose of making a home for persecuted Catholics. The first settlement was made at St. Mary’s, March 25, 1634, by about two hundred emigrants, under Leonard Calvert.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online]— Hildreth,
History of the United States [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] March 26, 1804 — Orleans Territory Organized
Orleans Territory organized.
March 29, 1976 — Apple Computer Founded
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak’s Apple I, selling 200,000 units by 1980, launched the personal computer revolution. It transformed work, education, and communication, positioning the U.S. as a tech leader with Silicon Valley’s rise.
Appropriate Selections:— Jobs,
Apple Product Launch Speech, 1984 [Online] March 31, 1774 — Boston Port Act Passed
Britain passed the Boston Port Act, closing Boston Harbor in response to the Tea Party, intensifying colonial resistance.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online] April 1, 1818 — Erie County Erected
Erie county erected from territory of Niagara.
April 2, 1513 — Discovery of Florida
Ponce de Leon, a Spanish adventurer, discovered Florida on Easter Sunday (Pascua Florida), April 2, 1513, landing probably near the present site of St. Augustine.
References:— Winsor,
Narrative and Critical History of America [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Irving,
Companions of Columbus [Online] April 3, 1860 — First Pony Express
The Pony Express began its first run from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, revolutionizing mail delivery across the West until the telegraph replaced it in 1861.
References:— Channing,
Students’ History of the United States [Online] April 4, 1968 — Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
King’s assassination in Memphis sparked riots in 100 cities but strengthened civil rights resolve, leading to the Fair Housing Act. His nonviolent legacy inspired global human rights, cementing his impact on equality.
Appropriate Selections:— Kennedy,
Remarks on King’s Assassination [Online] April 6, 1789 — First U.S. Senate Convenes
The first U.S. Senate convened in New York City, establishing the legislative branch under the new Constitution.
References:— Fiske,
The Critical Period of American History [Online] April 9, 1865 — Surrender at Appomattox
General Lee surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, effectively ending the Civil War and beginning the process of national reconstruction.
References:— Davis,
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War [Online] April 12, 1861 — Civil War Begins at Fort Sumter
Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter, South Carolina, marking the start of the Civil War, a conflict over slavery and national unity.
References:— Davis,
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War [Online] April 14, 1865 — Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
President Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, plunging the nation into mourning and complicating Reconstruction efforts.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] April 19, 1775 — Battles of Lexington and Concord
The first battles of the Revolutionary War occurred at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, marking the start of armed resistance against British rule.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online] April 20, 1777 — Schuyler County Erected
Schuyler county erected from territory of Herkimer.
April 25, 1846 — Mexican-American War Begins
The Mexican-American War began with clashes along the Rio Grande, leading to U.S. territorial gains in the Southwest.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] April 30, 1789 — Washington’s First Inauguration
George Washington was inaugurated as the first U.S. President in New York City, setting precedents for executive leadership.
Appropriate Selections:— Washington,
First Inaugural Address [Online] May 1, 1898 — Battle of Manila Bay
Admiral Dewey’s victory in Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War established U.S. naval power in the Pacific.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] May 2, 1800 — Genesee County Erected
Genesee county erected from territory of Ontario.
May 7, 1915 — Sinking of the Lusitania
A German U-boat sank the British liner Lusitania off Ireland, killing 1,198, including 128 Americans. The attack on a civilian ship outraged the U.S., shifting public opinion toward intervention in WWI and setting the stage for entry in 1917.
References:— Larson,
Dead Wake: The Last Crossing of the Lusitania [Online]— State Department,
Lusitania Papers [Online] May 10, 1775 — Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
Ethan Allen and his Green Mountain Boys, together with a force under Benedict Arnold, surprised and captured Fort Ticonderoga. This was the first aggressive action of the colonists against the mother country, and the captured cannon were used in the siege of Boston.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Allen,
Capture of Ticonderoga.—Ethan Allen, in Half-Hours with American History [Online] May 13, 1846 — U.S. Declares War on Mexico
Congress declared war on Mexico, escalating the Mexican-American War and leading to significant territorial expansion.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] May 14, 1804 — Lewis and Clark Expedition Begins
The Lewis and Clark Expedition departed St. Louis to explore the Louisiana Purchase, mapping the West and fostering expansion.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] May 17, 1954 — Brown v. Board of Education
The Supreme Court outlawed school segregation, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson. Facing Southern resistance, it galvanized civil rights, enabling integration and equal protection, though full implementation took decades.
May 23, 1788 — South Carolina Ratifies Constitution
South Carolina ratified the U.S. Constitution, becoming the eighth state and supporting federal union.
References:— Fiske,
The Critical Period of American History [Online] May 29, 1790 — Rhode Island Ratifies Constitution
Rhode Island ratified the U.S. Constitution, becoming the 13th state and completing initial state ratifications.
References:— Fiske,
The Critical Period of American History [Online] May 29, 1848 — Wisconsin Admitted to the Union
Wisconsin was admitted to the Union.
June 1, 1774 — Boston Port Bill
England, enraged at the colonies’ action in regard to the tea, passed the Port bill, closing Boston harbor to all commerce, and transferring the seat of government to Salem. The act aroused the greatest indignation of the colonists; they burned copies of it on scaffolds, and observed the day upon which it went into effect with fasting and prayer.
References:— Frothingham,
Rise of the Republic of the United States [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] June 1, 1792 — Kentucky Admitted to the Union
Kentucky was admitted as the 15th state, expanding U.S. territory westward.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] June 1, 1796 — Tennessee Admitted to the Union
Tennessee was admitted as the 16th state, expanding U.S. territory in the Southeast.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] June 1, 1813 — The Chesapeake and the Shannon
The American frigate Chesapeake, commanded by Captain Lawrence, was attacked by the British frigate Shannon, just outside Boston harbor. Soon some of the Chesapeake’s rigging was cut so that a sail became loose and blew out, bringing the vessel into the wind. Then the rigging and anchor became so entangled that the ship had to remain exposed to the enemy’s fire. As Lawrence, mortally wounded, was carried below, he cried, “Don’t give up the ship.” Finally the English sprang on board and pulled down the flag.
References:— Maclay, History of the Navy
— Cooper,
History of the Navy of the United States [Online]— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online] June 3, 1898 — The Merrimac Sunk in Santiago Harbor
Lieutenant Richmond P. Hobson, with seven selected volunteers, took the collier Merrimac into the channel of Santiago harbor, and there sunk her by means of torpedoes, as a temporary obstruction to the escape of the Spanish fleet. The deed was fraught with the greatest danger and required the most conspicuous bravery and daring.
References:— Goode, With Sampson through the War
Appropriate Selections:— , Eight Volunteers
June 10, 1861 — Battle of Bethel
It can hardly be said that the national government made any offensive movement before the 24th of May. Then General Scott, commanding the Union army, sent troops into Virginia; and Arlington Heights, as well as the town of Alexandria, were occupied. Some days after, June 10th, a force was sent under General Butler to capture a body of Confederate troops posted at Little Bethel, a village on the north side of the James river. During the night, two of the Union regiments fired on each other by mistake; and the Confederates, thus made aware of their approach, escaped. The Union troops then pushed on, and were severely repulsed in an attack upon the Confederate works at Big Bethel.
References:— Dodge, Bird’s Eye View of Our Civil War
— Ropes, Story of the Civil War
— Rhodes, United States
Appropriate Selections:— Duganne, Bethel
— Holmes, Army Hymns
June 14, 1777 — Birth of the Flag of the United States
Congress resolved, “That the flag of the thirteen united colonies be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, and the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.”
References:— Hildreth,
History of the United States [Online]— Moore,
Diary of the American Revolution [Online]— Putnam, History of our Flag, in Anderson’s United States Reader
— , A Brief History of the Flag
Appropriate Selections:— Holmes, God Save the Flag
— Evarts, Our National Banner
— Butterworth, The School House Stands by the Flag
— , The Red, White and Blue
June 15, 1775 — Washington Appointed Commander-in-Chief
George Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, leading the fight for American independence.
June 17, 1775 — Battle of Bunker Hill
On the evening of June 16th, Colonel Prescott was sent with a detachment of one thousand men to fortify Bunker Hill, but instead he fortified Breed’s Hill, which was nearer Boston. The next morning the British commenced a cannonade upon the redoubt. This attack failed, and, later, General Howe, with three thousand men, was sent to dislodge the patriots. Twice the British approached within a few rods, each time to be repulsed with a heavy loss. Upon Clinton’s arrival, the third charge was more successful, as the Americans had exhausted their ammunition, and were forced to retreat. The Americans lost General Warren. The determined and for a time successful resistance on the part of the Americans was so encouraging that it had all the effects of a triumph.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— , Harper’s Monthly, July, 1875
— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Pierpont, Warren’s Address
— Holmes,
Grandmother’s Story of Bunker Hill [Online]— Webster,
Laying of the Corner-Stone of the Bunker Hill Monument [Online]— Everett, Edward Everett Speeches
June 17, 1775 — Siege of Boston Began
American forces began the Siege of Boston, a critical early campaign in the Revolutionary War, leading to the British evacuation in March 1776.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] June 18, 1778 — Evacuation of Philadelphia
The loss of Burgoyne’s army, the alliance with France, and the arrival of a French fleet under D’Estaing so alarmed the British that they left Philadelphia.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Hildreth,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Hopkinson,
Battle of the Kegs [Online] June 19, 1812 — Declaration of War Against Great Britain
The losses to commerce caused by the closing of the ports of England and France in their war, the right of search, the impressment of American seamen, and other insults to which England was subjecting the United States, led to the final declaration of war against Great Britain by the United States.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Lossing,
Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 [Online] June 19, 1864 — Alabama and Kearsarge
The Confederates, by means of English-built privateers sailing under the Confederate flag, succeeded in destroying a large number of American merchantmen. Sumner, in the Alabama, pursued his career of destruction, luring vessels by hoisting the British flag; but the Alabama was at last met by the Kearsarge, Captain Winslow, and, after a short encounter, was sunk.
References:— Boynton, The Navy during the Rebellion
— Davis, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War
— Dodge, Bird’s Eye View of Our Civil War
— Ropes, Story of the Civil War
June 21, 1788 — New Hampshire Ratifies Constitution
New Hampshire’s ratification of the Constitution provided the necessary ninth state to put the document into effect.
References:— Fiske,
The Critical Period of American History [Online] June 24, 1497 — Discovery of North America by John and Sebastian Cabot
In 1497, about one year before Columbus discovered the continent, and two years previous to Amerigo’s visit, John Cabot and his son Sebastian, while sailing under a commission from Henry VII. of England, discovered the coast of Labrador, and thus were the first to discover the mainland of America. In a second voyage, made by Sebastian Cabot, in 1498, the coast, from Labrador to Chesapeake Bay, was explored. These achievements of the Cabots, the discovery and explorations, proved of momentous importance, especially to England, as, by reason of them, that country based her claims to all the region from Labrador to Florida.
References:— Winsor,
Narrative and Critical History of America [Online]— Channing, Students’ History of the United States
June 24, 1675 — First Battle of King Philip’s War
After the death of Massasoit, the Indians became alarmed at the rapidly growing settlement of the whites, and so the New England tribes united to overthrow the colonists. The first attack was made by King Philip upon the people of Swanzey, as they were returning from church.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] June 24, 1795 — Jay’s Treaty Ratified
Difficulties had arisen with England because of violations of the treaty of 1783, so that a new treaty to dispose of them was negotiated by John Jay.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Hildreth,
History of the United States [Online] June 25, 1788 — Virginia Ratifies Constitution
Virginia ratified the U.S. Constitution, adding a key state and supporting the new federal government.
References:— Fiske,
The Critical Period of American History [Online] June 25, 1950 — Korean War Begins
The U.S. led UN forces against North Korea and China, losing 36,000 lives to preserve South Korea’s independence. The 1953 armistice ended fighting, reinforcing U.S. Cold War commitment to containing communism.
References:— Hastings, The Korean War
— Truman, Memoirs
June 28, 1776 — Attack on Fort Moultrie
The people of Charleston, expecting an attack, had constructed a palmetto fort on Sullivan’s Island, which was garrisoned by eight hundred men under Colonel Moultrie. On June 28th, the British fleet under Parker attacked it, the conflict lasting nine hours. Finally, however, Parker was forced to withdraw, with much shattered vessels. The fort was later named Moultrie in honor of the commander.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online] June 28, 1778 — Battle of Monmouth
The British army under Clinton, retreating from Philadelphia, was overtaken by Washington at Monmouth. Lee, leading the advance, was directed to make an attack, but instead, commanded a retreat. Upon Washington’s arrival an advance was made. At nightfall there was no decisive result, and in the morning the British had fled.
References:— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Irving,
Selections from Irving’s Life of Washington [Online] June 28, 1815 — Decatur in the Bay of Algiers
During the War of 1812, the Dey of Algiers, believing the United States unable to protect her commerce, broke the treaty and again resumed the practice of piracy against our ships. When peace with England was established, a fleet of ten ships, under Decatur, was sent to the Mediterranean. On the way he captured two Algerian vessels and, arriving in the bay of Algiers, June 28th, he forced the Dey to relinquish all American prisoners and all claim to a tribute from the United States.
References:— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Cooper,
History of the Navy of the United States [Online]— Maclay, History of the Navy
— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Cooper,
Selection from Cooper’s History of the Navy of the United States [Online]— , Death of Commodore Decatur
June 29, 1956 — Interstate Highway System Authorized
Eisenhower’s Federal-Aid Highway Act built 41,000 miles of highways, connecting cities and suburbs. It boosted trade, enabled car culture, and drove economic growth, though it displaced 20,000 communities, reshaping modern America.
References:— Weingroff,
Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 [Online]— Lewis, Divided Highways
Appropriate Selections:— Eisenhower,
Remarks on Signing the Highway Act [Online] July 1, 1863 — Battle of Gettysburg Begins
On the 9th of June, Lee, whose army numbered nearly four hundred thousand men, began a northward movement. Hooker followed the invaders into Maryland, where (June 28th), his command was transferred to General Meade. At Gettysburg one of the most important conflicts of the war took place during the first three days of July. Lee was finally defeated, and, his army being reduced one-third, made a rapid retreat. The battle of Gettysburg is generally regarded as the greatest of the war. It was the turning point in the long conflict between the North and the South.
References:— Davis, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War
— Dodge, Bird’s Eye View of Our Civil War
— Channing, Students’ History of the United States
— Lee, School History of the United States
Appropriate Selections:— Comte de Paris, Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg, in Half-Hours with American History
— , National Cemetery at Gettysburg
— Chase, Gettysburg
— Adams, Bugles of Gettysburg
— Curtis, George William Curtis
— Potter, Henry C. Potter
July 2, 1775 — Washington Took Command of the Army at Cambridge
Washington took command of the Continental Army at Cambridge, beginning his leadership in the fight for American independence.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Frothingham,
Rise of the Republic of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Washington,
The Inconveniences of Militia, in American History told by Contemporaries [Online] July 2, 1964 — Civil Rights Act Signed
Johnson’s Civil Rights Act outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, dismantling Jim Crow laws. It transformed schools, workplaces, and public spaces, though enforcement faced resistance, advancing equality.
References:— Branch, Parting the Waters
Appropriate Selections:— Johnson,
Remarks on Signing the Civil Rights Act [Online] July 3, 1890 — Idaho Admitted to the Union
Idaho was admitted as the 43rd state, expanding U.S. territory in the Northwest.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] July 3, 1898 — Battle of Santiago
On Sunday morning, July 3rd, at half-past nine, the Spanish fleet started out of the harbor at Santiago with a rush, but the American fleet, always in readiness, closed in upon it and by half-past one every Spanish ship was a half-sunken wreck on the Cuban coast.
References:— Goode, With Sampson through the War
Appropriate Selections:— , The Men Behind the Guns
July 4, 1609 — Discovery of Lake Champlain
In 1608, Champlain planted on the St. Lawrence the post of Quebec. The next year, joining a party of Hurons and Algonquins in a war expedition against the Five Nations, he ascended the Sorel, and, first of white men, entered the lake which still bears his name. A series of explorations presently followed, whence arose the French claims to that vast tract of interior America, comprehended, along with Canada and Acadia, under its general name of New France.
References:— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Parkman, Discovery of Lake Champlain
— Hildreth,
The American Indians, in History of the United States [Online] July 4, 1776 — Declaration of Independence Published
By the last of June the British had been repulsed from Charleston, and in the meantime, Congress, then in session at Philadelphia, was preparing to declare a separation of the political relations existing between Great Britain and the colonies. A resolution to that effect offered by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia, on the 7th of June, was passed by a large majority on the 2nd of July. Two days after, Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, in behalf of a committee of five members, presented a document which he had prepared; and, then, July 4, 1776, this document, the Declaration of Independence, was unanimously adopted by Congress.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Anonymous, Independence Bell
— Webster,
Speech of John Adams [Online]— Taylor, The Bell
July 4, 1898 — Battle of San Juan Hill
Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders captured San Juan Hill in the Spanish-American War, boosting U.S. morale and influence.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] July 7, 1898 — Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands
During the progress of the Spanish war the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands was finally consummated. A joint resolution was passed by Congress providing for the acquisition of the islands and for their temporary government. A group of twelve islands, with an area of 6,677 square miles and a population of about 100,000 persons, half of them native islanders, was thus made American territory.
References:— Moore, American Congress
July 9, 1755 — Braddock’s Defeat
General Braddock, who had been sent to America as commander-in-chief of the royal forces, headed the expedition against Fort Duquesne. Disregarding the suggestions of Washington, his aide-de-camp, he fell into an ambush of French and Indians when within a few miles of the fort, and was defeated with great loss, he himself being mortally wounded.
References:— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Hildreth,
History of the United States [Online]— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Sparks, Defeat of Braddock
July 10, 1890 — Wyoming Admitted to the Union
Wyoming was admitted as the 44th state, notable for granting women’s suffrage in its constitution, a first in the U.S.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] July 15, 1779 — Storming of Stony Point
The American forces, under General Anthony Wayne, forced their way into the fort from opposite directions, and meeting in the center, compelled the garrison to surrender. This stands out in high relief, as one of the most brilliant achievements of the war. The Americans had effected it without firing a musket.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] July 17, 1898 — The Surrender of Santiago
After several demands for the surrender of Santiago, General Shafter bombarded the place and forced the Spanish to yield, when Santiago passed into American hands.
References:— Miley, In Cuba with Shafter
July 20, 1969 — Apollo 11 Moon Landing
Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin’s moon landing, watched by 650 million, fulfilled Kennedy’s 1961 pledge. It showcased U.S. technological supremacy, inspired innovation, and marked a Cold War victory, boosting national pride.
References:— Chaikin, A Man on the Moon
— NASA,
Apollo 11 Mission Report [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Armstrong,
First Words on the Moon [Online] July 21, 1861 — Battle of Bull Run
The Confederate army of about 100,000 men occupied a line through Virginia, from Harper’s Ferry to Norfolk, their strongest position being between Washington and Richmond, at Manassas Junction. About the middle of July, an army under General McDowell marched to attack the Confederates. On the 18th, a conflict took place near Centerville and on the 21st, occurred the battle of Bull Run, a desperate conflict from which the Union forces, panic-stricken, fled in disorder towards Washington.
References:— Davis, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War
— Dodge, Bird’s Eye View of Our Civil War
— Ropes, Story of the Civil War
— Rhodes, United States
— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Lee, School History of the United States
Appropriate Selections:— Baker, On the Hill before Centerville
— , The Run from Manassas Junction, in R. G. White’s Poetry of the War
July 25, 1814 — Battle at Lundy’s Lane
The Americans under Brown were attacked at Lundy’s Lane by Drummond, commanding a British force one-third larger than Brown’s. The battle lasted from sunset to midnight, and was more death-dealing, in proportion to the numbers engaged, than any previously fought on the American continent. It ended without a decisive victory for either party.
References:— Morris,
Half-Hours with American History [Online]— Lossing,
Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online] July 27, 1898 — Porto Rico Taken
The British and German consuls, and several men representing the commercial interests of Ponce, acting under the authority of the Spanish commander, negotiated with the Americans for the surrender of that city. The American troops took formal possession, and the army held the city as a base from which they controlled the most important roads on the island.
July 30, 1619 — First Legislative Body in America
On July 30, 1619, a legislative body met in a little wooden church at Jamestown. Each of the eleven local constituencies had two representatives, called burgesses, giving the name, the House of Burgesses. There was also an upper House called the Council; these with the Governor constituted a general assembly, whose functions were both legislative and judicial.
References:— Fiske,
Old Virginia and Her Neighbors [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Lodge,
A Short History of the English Colonies in America [Online]— Hart,
American History told by Contemporaries [Online] August 1, 1876 — Colorado Admitted to the Union
Colorado was admitted as the 38th state, known as the “Centennial State” for joining during the U.S. centennial.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] August 2, 1684 — Treaty with the Five Nations at Albany
The Indians of the Five Nations made a treaty of peace with the English at a convention in Albany.
References:— Hendricks, Brief History of the Empire State
— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] August 2, 1776 — Declaration of Independence Signed
Delegates began signing the engrossed Declaration of Independence, formalizing America’s break from Britain.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online] August 2, 1832 — Black Hawk Defeated at Bad Axe River
By a treaty of July 15, 1830, the Sac and Fox Indians ceded their land east of the Mississippi to the Americans. Black Hawk, a chief, refused to submit to the treaty, and began to massacre the whites. He was finally defeated by General Atkinson at Bad Axe river.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Dawson, Battles of the United States
— Lee, School History of the United States
August 6, 1777 — Battle of Oriskany and Sortie from Fort Stanwix
General Herkimer, on his way to relieve Fort Stanwix, fell into an ambuscade at Oriskany, was defeated, and mortally wounded. As Fort Stanwix was so hard pressed, Arnold was sent to its aid. Resorting to stratagem, he caused the desertion of the Indian allies, which left the British general, St. Leger, in such straits that he was obliged to decamp hurriedly, leaving much ammunition behind him. The retreat of St. Leger was of vital importance in deciding the fate of Burgoyne’s army.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— , General Sullivan’s Indian Expedition, 1779
August 6, 1945 — Atomic Bomb Dropped on Hiroshima
The U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, killing over 80,000, followed by Nagasaki on August 9. It forced Japan’s surrender, ending WWII, but raised ethical concerns, ushering in the nuclear age and Cold War tensions.
References:— Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb
— Truman,
Decision to Drop the Bomb [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Truman,
Announcement of Hiroshima Bombing [Online] August 7, 1782 — Purple Heart Established
George Washington established the Badge of Military Merit, precursor to the Purple Heart, to honor soldiers’ bravery in the Revolutionary War.
August 9, 1812 — The Constitution and the Guerriere
An encounter between the American frigate Constitution, called “Old Ironsides,” and the British frigate Guerriere, took place near the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Guerriere opened fire, continuing nearly an hour before the Constitution answered with more than an occasional gun. Then drawing nearer, the Constitution poured in volleys with amazing rapidity and power. The Guerriere fought desperately, but at last was forced to strike her flag. Too injured to keep afloat, the ship was burned.
References:— Maclay, History of the Navy
— Cooper,
History of the Navy of the United States [Online]— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online] August 10, 1821 — Missouri Admitted to the Union
Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state under the Missouri Compromise, balancing the admission of Maine and shaping national debates on slavery.
References:— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online] August 12, 1898 — Signing of Protocol with Spain
Spanish defeats were confessed and a cessation of hostilities desired by the Spanish Government. Secretary of State Hay acceded to the request on certain essential conditions. The protocol was signed August 12, 1898, and hostilities ceased.
August 13, 1898 — City of Manila Taken
General Merritt and Admiral Dewey, having demanded the surrender of Manila, ordered an attack on August 13. The combination of the land and sea forces was irresistible and the Spanish hoisted the white flag. A conference was held, the capitulation was signed, and the city surrendered. “And the empire which Magellan had found for Spain had passed away forever.”
August 14, 1945 — V-J Day
Japan’s surrender ended WWII, with the U.S. leading the $13 billion Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe and Japan. It transformed enemies into allies (e.g., Japan’s democracy), cemented U.S. global leadership, and shaped the post-war world order.
References:— Weinberg, A World at Arms
August 16, 1777 — Battle of Bennington
Burgoyne, in need of supplies, sent Colonel Baum with a force of Hessians to Bennington to capture those of the Americans. General Stark, however, defeated the expedition.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Bancroft,
History of the United States [Online]— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online] August 16, 1780 — Battle of Camden
Gates, in command of the American forces, and Cornwallis, in command of the British, unexpectedly met at Sander’s Creek. Overpowered by numbers, the American militia fled. The regulars, however, under the command of Baron de Kalb, offered the bravest resistance until de Kalb was mortally wounded.
References:— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online] Appropriate Selections:— McMaster, The Old Continentals
August 16, 1812 — Surrender of Detroit
Towards the beginning of the war, General Hull took his post at Detroit. He was soon followed by General Brock, commanding thirteen hundred British and Indians. The Americans were confident of winning the battle, about to take place, but instead of fighting, Hull surrendered at once, and by so doing lost Detroit and the whole territory of Michigan as well.
References:— Lossing,
Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Dawson, Battles of the United States
August 18, 1920 — 19th Amendment Ratified
The 19th Amendment granted women voting rights after decades of activism by Susan B. Anthony and others. It doubled the electorate, empowered women, and advanced democracy, influencing reforms like the Equal Rights Amendment push.
References:— Flexner, Century of Struggle
— Anthony,
History of Woman Suffrage [Online] Appropriate Selections:— Catt,
Address to Congress on Women’s Suffrage [Online] August 20, 1799 — Battle of Maumee
The Indians north of the Ohio continued to show their dissatisfaction by many hostile acts, and were not subdued until General Wayne defeated them in a desperate battle on the Maumee River.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Dawson, Battles of the United States
August 24, 1814 — The City of Washington Captured and Partly Burned
Five thousand men under General Ross disembarked from a British squadron in the Chesapeake Bay, captured Washington, and set fire to the city. Until the last moment, the Americans could not determine whether Washington or Baltimore was to be attacked, consequently the force was divided, and the British met with little opposition.
References:— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Anderson,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Lossing,
Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 [Online] August 27, 1776 — Battle of Long Island
The British forces, under Howe, attacked the Americans at Long Island in three divisions, two in front, the third in the rear. Despite the brave fight of the patriots, they were forced to yield. The effects of the disaster were far-reaching; it decided the wavering to join the enemy; it gave form and direction to subsequent events; and it gave New York into the possession of the British.
References:— Morris,
Half-Hours with American History [Online]— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Dawson, Battles of the United States
— Moore,
Diary of the American Revolution [Online] August 29, 1779 — Battle of Chemung
General Sullivan entered the region near the headwaters of the Susquehanna and Genesee rivers to punish the Indians for massacres. At Newtown, now Elmira, he gained a decisive victory in the battle of Chemung.
References:— Fiske,
The American Revolution [Online]— Dawson, Battles of the United States
— Bryant,
Popular History of the United States [Online]— , General Sullivan’s Indian Expedition, 1779